Yield Stress of a Material – Simple Explanation Yield of a material is explained as the stress at which a material begins to deform irreversibly. Preceding the yield point, the material will deform elastically, meaning that it will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed (i.e. no permanent, visible change in … Read more
Lateral Torsional Buckling in Beams = Lateral Deflection + Torsion Summary Lateral torsional buckling occurs when an applied load causes both lateral displacement and twisting of a member. This failure is usually seen when a load is applied to an unconstrained, steel I-beam, with the two flanges acting differently, one under compression and the other … Read more
D-Cracking (Durability Cracking) – Cause & Prevention Summary D-cracking is cracking in concrete pavements caused by freeze-thaw cycles deteriorating the aggregate in concrete. Water naturally accumulates at the base and sub-base layers under concrete. When this water suffers from freeze-thaw cycles it wears on the durability of the concrete and begins to crack in the … Read more
Carbonation of Concrete – Various Failure Mechanisms of Concrete What is Carbonation-Process Carbonation is the formation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) by a chemical reaction in the concrete. The creation of calcium carbonate requires three equally important substances: carbon dioxide (CO2), calcium phases (Ca), and water (H2O). Carbon dioxide (CO2) is present in the surrounding air, … Read more