Loads on bridge decks The loads on a bridge deck are made up of: Self weight; the weight of the bare concrete structure. Superimposed dead loads; the weight of permanent loads applied to the bare concrete structure, such as parapets, footpaths, road surfacing etc. These loads do not contribute to the strength of the deck. … Read more
Principles of statics Principles of statics consists of the study of structures that are at rest under static equilibrium conditions. To ensure equilibrium, the forces acting on a structure must balance, net torque acting on the structure should be zero. The static analysis methods provide the means to analyze and determine both internal and external … Read more
Flat Plate The flat plate is a two-way reinforced concrete framing system utilizing a slab of uniform thickness, the simplest of structural shapes. Flat Plate System Introduction A flat plate is a one- or two-way system usually supported directly on columns or load bearing walls. It is one of the most common forms of construction … Read more
Flat Slab Floor System. A flat slab is a one-way or two-way system with thickenings in the slab at the columns and load bearing walls called ‘drop panels’ Figure 9. Drop panels act as T-beams over the supports. They increase the shear capacity and the stiffness of the floor system under vertical loads, thus increasing … Read more
The Confederation Bridge, Canada – Longest Bridges in the World “The longest bridge in the world over ice-forming waters.” Summary – length : 12.9 km – multi-span beam bridge with Post-Tensioned concrete box girder – bridge rests on 62 piers – 44 main piers are 250 m apart – design speed 80 kmph – cost … Read more
Sleeper Density in Railways Number of sleepers provided for one rail length of track is called sleeper density. If “N” is the length of one rail in meters, Sleeper Density = N+ X , (X –> 3 to 6) For a Broad Gauge track, total number of sleepers required for 1km length of railway track … Read more
How to calculate Minimum number of Sleepers, Breathing and Theoretical Length in Long Welded Rails Long Welded Rails is welded rail in which central part does not undergo any longitudinal movement due to temperature variation. A length of greater than 250 metre on Broad Gauge (BG) and 500 metre on Metre Gauge (MG) will normally … Read more
Coning of Wheels in Railways : Theory and Purpose Theory The Surface of wheels are made in cone shape at an inclination of 1 in 20, and the same slope is provided in the rails (see fig), this is known as coning of wheels. The diameter of wheel is different at different cross section of … Read more
Components of Railway Track Gauge – Inner to inner distance between two rails. Types of Gauges Broad Gauge (BG) – 1.676m Meter Gauge (MG) – 1m Narrow Gauge – 0.762m Feether Track Gauge – 0.61m Ballast forms the Bed upon which railway sleepers or railroad ties are laid. It is packed between and around the … Read more